Feeds:
Posts
Comments

Chapter 6 GRA-101 Jody Pudsey
Layout Guide to Graphic Print Production

Documents must be:
easy to output
easy to create plates from
suitable for printing

6.1 Layout Work

layout producer has broad task
recv original text
original imgs
illustrations
checking materials

mounts into doc
corrections
printouts
make original print

6.1.1 Choosing Layout Software

Adobe Indesign
QuarkXpress
PageMaker
FrameMaker
Illustrator

manage design, typography, images, color editing, page description language

PostScript – page description language used in graphic print production, supports four-color and spot color.
WP, Word, PP, Exc, do not support four color and spot color. Poor typographical proofing, no warnings for missing fonts
(replaces font), file formats and images unpredictable layouts – Therefore they are not suitable for print production.

6.1.2 Planning the Layout

1st Step: page format(size) must be chosen
2nd Step: number of pages and type of paper must be chosen

Binding affects layout – how images can be placed across 2 page spread

Page Plan – Tool- Sketches to plan page layout

3rd Step: Which and how many print colors to be used – single, four, spot colors??
4rd Step: by production house – imposition to know how pages need to be placed on sheet

Imposition – shows where center and dbl-pg spreads occur.

6.1.3 Making Template & Setting the Basic Structure

Templates create a good way to create structure in layout

6.1.4 Document and Master Pages

Default settings as a Template

6.1.5 Library and Pull-outs

Library – images and text frames with or w/o content stored and reused by dragging onto pages.

6.1.6 Typographical Templates, Objects Templates, and Color Schemes

settings for Paragraphs, separate characters can be saved as styles

color swatches – color combinations saved

AI has object templates – settings for frame stored and reused
6.1.7 Default Settings

AI default settings are created as Work Spaces

6.2 Text Manuscript

text needs most editing and proofing – before mounting in layout doc
produce in word processing software, then typography and placement in layout program

6.2.1 Appropriate Software for Word Processing

MSWord – most common

6.2.2 Appropriate File Formats for Text

Save in Doc format and open file format (RTF or ASCII) – independent of platforms

6.2.3 Program-Specific Text files

MS Word – contain all the unctions and refinements of original program
con- some not transferrable

6.2.4 ASCII format

American Standard Code for Information and Interchange(ASCII)
standard digital info, esp. text
saves ea. text character w/7 bits, can handle 128 different characters in one text
may not be big enough
today- need 8 bits for 256 different characters

often called “Plain Text”

6.2.5 RTF Format

Rich Text Format(RTF) – common open format, contains codes for typefaces and simpler typography
Facilitate moving text files between programs while retaining typographical info., can store names of paragraphs and character format

6.3 Mounting Text

Text Manuscripts – normally imported into layout programs, placed into typeface, edited to fit in existing space.

Both Images and Text that are imported are linked and if original docs are changed, you need to update links in Layout Program.

6.3.1 Using Structured Manuscript

be consistent in use of paragraph and character formatting
to set text in type – give structure for different elements, requires that paragraph formats contain settings

6.3.2 Using Tagged Manuscript Text

support handling marked text – called tagged text
based on ea part of text beige provided with code, tags formats to be utilized
saved in ASCII
similar to html

6.3.3 Using Manuscripts in XML format

eXtensible Markup Language – code for logically tagging a texts different existing parts according to content – headings, intro, image captions, body
doesn not contain info about typographical design
can be imported to and from AI
good for catalogs and various media used text

6.3.4 Linking te Layout to Text Database

large amounts of text in a DB – directly linked
suitable for catalogs

6.3.5 Working with Text Editing Parallel with Layout

traditional layout workflow – text produced – text mounted – given typeface – produced as pdf or printout for review
Now text editing and layout – done simultaneously
AI can have editorial system to track multiple manuscripts

6.4 Typefaces, Font, and Typography

Most important component of GD and layout
typeface that creates typography is stored in FONTS
FONTS- digital typeface files
fonts are embedded in Postscript and ODF file
6.4.1 Typeface and Font

Typeface – term for design of a set of characters: number of type styles- bold, narrow, light
Font – name for set of lead type with typeface shapes; name for digital fonts files that have replaced lead type: refers to character set in one or several styles stored in the digital form.

Font files – OpenType, TrueType, PostScript Type 1
Open = contains 65,000 characters

6.4.2 Choosing a Typeface

look at samples
MAC OS – use Font Book to install fonts

6.4.3 Working with Typography Templates

save you time
increase quality by guaranteeing various parts of the document will be set exactly the same way.
allows rapids changes
can be imported from one doc to another
can sync font

quark – uses term typography template
InDesign – uses terms paragraph styles and character styles

6.4.4 How to Install Fonts

Mac – if font installed in general library can be used by all users
if font installed in users library can only be used by user
if installed in program can only be used in that program

6.4.5 Activating Fonts without Installing them

Font Book – create groups, temporary use of font

6.4.6 Finding the Right Characters in the Font

to reach hidden characters use must use character combinations
to help find hidden characters – use adobe indesign “Glyphs”

GLYPHS- give good overview of all the characters that make up a font

Type–> Insert Special Characters
or
Edit–> Special Character

6.4.7 Keeping Fonts Organized

Place in Font Book custom folders to categorize

License for use?
6.4.8 Creating, Modifying, and Converting Fonts

modify and create new fonts – FontLab Studio and Fontographer or Illustrator
add tracking, kerning info, then save in free-choice format

6.5 Font File Formats and Functions

3 regular font file formats:
TrueType
PostScript Type 1
OpenType

6.5.1 OpenType

developed jointly by adobe and microsoft

pros: same font file used for both operating systems
use standard unicode
made of one file
can contain several versions of the same font
can have several diff ligatures

6.5.2 PostScript Type 1

basis for three current versions of Postscript
launched in mid 80′s
made up of two files
screen font (info of wit and kerning, low versions of pixel based version – screen display and outline font when the font is going to be printed, both mac os and windows(file is PFB – Printer Font Binary=outline)
contains character setup saved as a string,
String – small pixel-based img b/w, number of sizes 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 24 points
Printer font (outline font) depicts characters shape(bezier curves), PFM – Printer Font Metrics

each character represented 8 bits
font can contain max 256 different characters

6.5.3 TrueType

developed by Apple – 1991
supported by mac and window
different file formats
Completely based on curves and B-spline curves
has outline font & separate pixel-based screen font

causes problems when ripping

6.5.4 Kerning Tablets

space between two character sets AV can be adjusted
InDesign – metric kerning – change values or optic kerning(- diminishes need for manual adjustments
6.5.5 Hinting for Better Printouts

when print characters in small sizes on printer in low res, think line in character may be 1.5 dpi
hint = suggestion to RIP to make good choice
all fonts are hinted

6.6 Pitfalls with Fonts

6.6.1 Missing Fonts

layout programs contain links used in the doc
save doc as PDF
have license

6.6.2 Different Typefaces with the Same Name
if you replace a missing font with a same named font, may get discrepancies if not exact font

6.6.3 Font Identification Numbers
unique font number id
numbers may overlap
=typeface collision/number id conflicts

6.6.4 Mac / Windows Fonts
truetype and postscript type 1 are for both
can cause problems when crossing platforms
to avoid conflicts of fonts use= OpenType fonts

6.6.5. TrueType Fonts
older RIPs based on postscript type 2 have problems with printing
avoid using them in graphic production
modern TrueTypes pose no problem
6.6.6 Bold or Italic in the Layout Program
6.7 Images in Layout

Two main kinds of file:
Object graphics- diagrams, news graphics, logos, saved as EPS or PDF
Pixel based images – photographic images, hand-drawn images, camera images, edited in PS, saved as TIFF, EPS, or PDF

6.7.1 Images in CMYK or RGB?

scanned img, camera img,- RGB
Print – CMYK
Print adjustment stage- images converted to be optimized for halftone dots and for paper and printing process.
can mount RGB or CMYK into Layout
Mounting RGB – images aren’t adjusted to particular printing process, can be adjusted with out affecting layout.
- can use same layout for several diff types of printing
can have both RGB and CMYK images mounted in same layout
Check to see image info – COLOR IMAGE in INFORMATION window
or
File- PreFLIGHT
6.7.2 Optimal Image Size

resolution is changed depending upon size in which you choose to have img mounted in
use image manuscript to plan
make image resolution DOUBLE that of the screen frequency in print
300dpi – enough for all type of printing and screen frequencies

6.8. Mounting Images

when mounted a low res copy is created in doc.
has direct link to high res img
when printing, program replaces low res with high res
MUST keep images name and location the same after mounting

Layout programs do not edit images

6.8.1 Embedding Images in the Layout Document

InDesign and Pagemaker – embeds mounted images directly in layout file
embedding can simplify handling
Can not edit images once mounted directly

6.8.2 Reducing and Enlarging the Image in the Layout

use optimal resolution, then decrease size = res will be higher then ness.
does not affect quality

enlarge img = res reduced, risk suffering quality
can enlarge an optimally sized img 115-120 %% before seeing quality reduction

6.8.3 Viewing the Images in Low or High Resolution

when trying to place or crop img mounted, change from low res view to high res view
hig res view = true high resolution or object based resolution

6.8.4 Print outs in High or Low Resolution

you can choose
low res- faster printout
can print with no images – grey boxes

6.9 Color in Layout

spot colors or four color or both

SPOT color =special ready made blend of printing ink in a certain color that is printed with its own printing plate
=exist in large number of different colors
=most common system – PANTONE (PANTONE Matching System)

FOUR-COLOR = cyan, magenta, yellow, black inks- combining four inks in diff proportions, can create thousands of diff colors,
= printed beside each other and on top

SPOT COLOR or FOUR COLOR

When do you use spot colors?

-When you only want to use one or two colors in your printed product
-When you want to use colored test without risk of misregistration.
-When it is important for a certain color to be exactly right, for example, in logotypes or tinted areas.
-When you want to use colors such as gold or silver fluorescent colors or colors that area more saturated that four color combinations can manage.
-When you want to have a certain color printed without rasters.
-When the total color coverage is limited in print.

When do you use four colors?

-When you are going to print four color images.
-When you are going to use more than two colors.

6.9.1 Choosing Colors from Printed Color Guides

choose color from color guides
Color Guides show how colors look when printed
must look at them in correct light and with correct paper

Four color guides made in 10% increments for each printed color
Spot color guides made in increments of respective spot colors and four color combination that most resembles it.

6.9.2 Four Color together with Spot Colors

must ask printing press how many inks they can print with
increases price if need to be run twice, if only provide four color and you want to add a spot to it.

6.9.3 Converting Spot Colors to Four Color Values

programs do it automatically but you can choose them correctly by matching the spot color to the exact four color % on color guides, not screen

Converting a SPOT color to FOUR color

-Use a color guide that shows the Pantone color against the SMYK combination that is closest to it.
-Use a Pantone color guide and compare the actual color against the color squares in a four color
guide. Find the CMYK combination that is most like the spot color.
-Check off SEPERATION in the color definition for spot color in QuarkXpress or choose CMYK as COLOR TYPE
for SPOT COLOR in InDesign.

6.9.4 Converting Four Color Values to Pantone Colors

take printed pantone guide, compare it with a printed sample of four color with correct lighting.
6.9.5 Saving the Color Combination as a Color Swatch

6.9.6 Varnish is Defined as an Ink in the Layout

varnish – special effect
partial varnish – special effect of part of object

defines special color, will be printed over objects and colors, placed in its own layer

6.9.7 Handling colors Using ICC in the Layout

3 things needed to have screen match colors you want printed
1-screen display must be correct
2-have info from print house of ability to reproduce those colors
3-layout program must be told to simulate printing
monitor calibrated
printer ICC profile
only effects whats viewed on screen not the content

6.10 Pitfalls in Managing Colors

6.10.1 Removing Unused Spot Colors
Printed colors each have a printing plate in the press.
some colors can be left over from sketches
unused colors must be removed pro to sending to printer

6.10.2 Spot Colors that are not Color-Separated
Typical to sketch layout with spot color
make sure spot colors set for separation to four color

6.10.3 Naming Spot Colors Alike
Illustrations- spot colors must have same name in illustrations as in layout.

6.10.4 Being Careful with Ink Amounts

making 4 color combos, not to make colors using too much ink
max ink coverage is 100 + 100 + 100 + 100 = 400 percent color.
cannot print more than 220 – 340 percent ink – depending upon paper and print process
fine sheet fed print – 340 percent ink coverage
newspaper print – 240 percent coverage

6.11 Pitfalls in the Layout Work

6.11.1 Bleeds

- Images or Tints that reach all the way to the paper edges
have objects stretch slightly outside the page format
use safety margin of at least 1/8 inch recommended.

Covers- single large Doc, front and back
In binder cover – 3/8 inch bleed

6.11.2 Crossover

- two page spread of image or object, on different sheets of different parts of the same sheet, not printed directly next to each other.
= Double Page Spreads

avoid delicate objects(small text, thin rules) on two page spreads
variations in colors happen between printed sheets
Avoid – placing objects diagonally across two page spreads
avoid – thin lines that bleed across two pages apreads

6.11.3 Color Variations

ink variations

6.11.4 Rich Black and OverPrints

place tint area containing only 100 percent black, beside dark area of photograph, tint will look pale.

Process colors are always translucent = more inks you print on top of each other the darker the result.

6.11.5 Text and Tint Areas

printing colors on top of each other, misrepresentation occurs!
small objects more noticeable
adding line patterns, text – should have special spot color instead of four color combo
avoid white text over background image, if you must use sans serif

6.11.6 Transparency and Drop Shadow

see through shadows behind those objects
problems with ripping
create a PDF/X file- replaced with high res, pixel based images

6.11.7 Moving Documents between Mac OS and Windows

okay to move – Indesign, Illustrator, Phototshop, Acrobat, word, excel

relatively problem free- Quark, PP, as long as same version

no problems with image files

Negatives- fonts that do not match per platforms, unwanted line and page breaks

6.11.8 Moving Documents Between Different Programs

Open older file in newer version program
InDesign only can convert QuarkXpress docs from version 4 and earlier
Plug-ins needed
better to build document from ground up in new program

6.12 Proofing

Proofing- reviewing Text, typography, layout
use PDFs for proofs

6.12.1 Proofreading on Paper

proof reading symbols(IOS 5776)
helpful to use colroed pencil

What should be Checked in the Text?

-Language/tone/style
-Factual
-Spelling
-Syllabification
-Hyphens and spaces between letters
-Page and image references
-Pagination
-Consistency of typography and symbols

6.12.2 Proofreading with PDF and Acrobat

Tools
indication and handling of correction of text and layout:
notation tools
Drawing tools,
crossing-out pens
stamps
comments

No tools on Adobe Reader

PDF can be placed on server and emailed – all comments are sent, then corrections are sent back

6.13 Proofs

Technical Proof
check fonts, links, overprints, knockouts, colors, correct resolutions, color modes, bleeds

6.13.1 Printouts for Proofing

make prints on laser printer
color prints allow color correctness
Laser printer poor judgement of typography, then on a black and white print.
Print on larger to check bleed

6.13.2 Checking Printing Colors

printing colors–>

InDesign – function –> File –> PreFlight

and –>View –>OverPrint

Acrobat Pro – –>Advanced –> OutPut Preview –> Separation

6.13.3. PreFlight of the Layout Document

refers to check pilot performs before plane takeoff

to review digital documents before production

-images being correctly linked
-sufficient resolution
-fonts being set
-colors being correct
-check knockouts and overprinting occurs where you want by viewing separations

6.14 Sending Documents to Print
send high res PDF that has layout, images, fonts embedded
more secure
more efective
control
less risk of error

send in Open Document = layout doc with images and fonts
printer opens layout in same layout program it was created in
allows for last minutes changes
risks!
MOST COMMON COURCE of ERROR in PRINTED MATERIALS!!!!===Making a final print from an uncorrected document.*********

6.14.1 Include a Dummy
if sending Open Doc, send a pdf file or printout of layout
can check to see if its the correct doc that was sent

6.14.2 Collecting Document, Images and Fonts
if sending Open Doc
place all related documents/objects in one folder and use
InDesign FILE–>PACKAGE
does a preflight and reports in on document
6.14.3 Delivering Files
sending over the Internet
Zip it
compress
sending it DVD/CD
mark clearly
label files and structure
6.15 Structuring and Archiving

6.15.1 Working in Conjunction with a Server
foundation for common structured way – save it in server
6.15.2 Storing File in a Structured Way
structure is built is determined by how you work

Vocabulary:

Registration – images or text lining up across a two page spread

Unicode- a modern standard for storing and providing characters and is used in different file formats. handles 1.1 mill characters, unto 17 layers with 65536 characters, able to handle all written languages of the world
known 100000 characters from alphabets
supported by all modern operating systems
base for OpenType fonts
uses 16 bits to save each character, can enable 65,000 characters per font file

XML- eXtensible Markup Language – is a code language for logically tagging a text’s different existing parts according to the content.

Typeface – Appearance of the characters. A set of typefaces is characterized by the design given by the original.

Typestyle – Variation of the typeface (bold, italic) -The weight or posture of a font, distinguished from a fonts typeface design and type size.

Font File – A data file containing a typestyle (helvetica bold)

Font – Collection of type in a particular typeface stored in a file
- that contains the same typeface( normal, bold, italic of the typeface helvetica)

Serif – Structural details on the ends of letter found in Roman fonts such as Janson and Times.
Typeface that includes hard strokes- fine lines, that risk disappearing if misregistration occurs

Sans Serif – Typeface family without Serifs, eg Helvetica

Ligatures -Specially created character composed of two separate characters that are made into one. eg. ae and fi

Bleed-Images or objects that are supposed to run all the way to the edge of the paper are printed with bleeds – so they run over the edge of the page
format by 5mm.
-images of objects placed across a two page spread are called crossover bleeds.

Slug area-

Tracking – Adjustment of character spacing, expanding, and condensing in a text piece or line.

Stem –

Hairline – The thinnest strokes in Roman Letters.

Anti-Aliasing -Technique used to create soft edges on a pixel-based screen using grey levels.
- allows fonts to be better reproduced on the screen. Contours lines, slower view on screen.

Clear Type – windows, to even out text on the screen, expanded anti-aliasing, uses colored pixels to light individually for smoother character form.

CoolType – Adobe programs, font manager, to use fonts in windows format.

x-Height – Typographic measurement of the height of the lowercase letters with no ascenders or descenders

H-height –

Kerning – Narrowing or widening the space between two letters.
-Distance between each combination os two characters in a text = kerning values

Optical Kerning – based on the shape of the letters rather then a predefined table

Over Print – text is printed on a tint areas and the colors of the two objects mix. The opposite of knockout, where the colors of the objects are not missed.
- black text tends to overprint.

Descender –

Em Space –

Leading -

Baseline – the Imaginary line on which all capital letters in a row rest.

Knockout – when a graphic is placed over another the colors of the text and the background are in t intended to mix, space is knocked out for the text.
A hole the same shape as the text is knocked out in the tint area and the text is printed on a unpainted surface.
- to make a hole in an object based images so that objects behind it are visible.

Laser printer – uses laser and xerographic methods, uses toner ink powder, which is bonded to the paper using heat.

Registration – situation where all printing inks are correctly aligned with each other.
-when sheets in the sheet transport of a printing press are adjusted in order to endure that they run throughout the press in a synced manner

RIP – raster image processor. calculates and rasterizes pages before they are output
- rip time = time it takes to RIP to interpret the PostScript code for a page and create the bitmap with exposure points.

10 Pounds!

So, I have been going to the gym for an hour to an hour and half every morning after dropping T. off at school. It has been exactly two months and I had my measurements completed again. I lost 10 lbs! and Two inches from my waist! I am excited by the progress, but I am not celebrating yet. I have 60 pounds to lose. I have a long way to go and am in no hurry to do it. I am more concerned about being healthy and strong. I have built endurance up so much so that I can be on the elliptical for 30 minutes! When I first climbed on, I only achieved 3 minutes. Thankfully, I really do love working out and sweating. I know for many woman they work out and somehow avoid sweating, but I can’t imagine they achieve much success in their fitness goals. I like it when I am dripping with sweat.
I have to wear a belt to keep my jeans from falling down. Uncomfortable, but so worth the trade off.
I also hit another milestone. I can wear high heels again!! I haven’t been able to wear this type of shoe in years. Especially in the last year since my twisted ankle in November of 2011. I feel quite confident in them and that is really nice for a change. I purchased three pairs as soon as I realized I could walk in them. Yay, for sales. Two pairs are like hiking boots, the heels are clubs and the soles are rubber with boot treads. The other pair are summer sandals with a wedge heel. I love them and they are very comfortable. Casual, not dressy.

The Lorax

Today I was inspired to make Truffula Trees. I love this story and am sad that it is becoming a movie embellished so much so that I am sure that the message will be lost. Theodore Geisel was an amazing story teller and in his books he reflected all the values and principles of the Unitarian Universalist faith that he followed. Each book had one major theme, but held several issues along with it.
I will watch the movie when it comes out on dvd and hope the messages of the original story will not be lost.
“The Once-ler traded the forest for business opportunities with dire results. Can the environment be saved?…Ponder your own perspective of environmental concerns, local or global.”

Here is my Truffula Trees:

wool truffula tree

Truffula Tree

I simply needle felted a tuft of wool then felted it to the branches my son brought in from outside for me. Took less than ten minutes. If I wanted to be a perfectionist about it I could even paint the branches yellow/tan. :)

Enjoy.

Please refer to http://www.hzmre.com/seuss/sessions.htm for lessons per Dr. Seuss book.

ChipIn: Ipad for Zoe

http://ipad4zoe.chipin.com/ipad-for-zoe

Zoe is a dear family friend. My children were raised right along side the two eldest members of this family. This child suffered a severe stroke in utero and has overcome many obstacles. Her ability to communicate should not have to be one more obstacle, since there is technology that exists to help.  She needs this iPad too improve her quality of life dramatically. Please give where you can and share her webpage as much as you can. This family cannot do this on their own.
Thank you.

http://visual.ly/social-media-and-maslow%E2%80%99s-hierarchy-needs

Amazing correlation of the hierarchy of needs to the social media that fuels/meets those needs.

Creative Resumes!!!

http://www.webdesignerdepot.com/2009/05/30-artistic-and-creative-resumes/

This site is a freaking goldmine for graphic designers. I am linking specifically to the page of incredibly creative resumes.

Chapter 4 Digital Images

Digital Image Theory

Basic types of Digital Images: Object vs. Pixel

Object Graphics- consist of mathematically calculated curves and lines that create surfaces and shapes.
- consist of curves and lines.
- can be enlarged without affecting the quality
- Contain an unlimited number of colors
-Can be rescaled without compromising image quality
- Easy to edit without compromising quality
- Cannot be used for photographic images
- Consist of outlines with filled in areas
- Use little memory
- Base components: outlines, lines, fills, patterns, gradients, knockouts, superimpositions transparency

Pixel Graphics- images consisting os pixels of different colors, used mostly in photographic images.

Vector – straight line between two points. Series of short straight lines=curves. Enlarging vector image, lines become visible and curves appear jagged. WMF – vector format

Bezier curves – named after; mathematician of French car manufacturer Renault.
Softly bent curves, enlargeability infinite without compromising quality.

4.1 Object Graphics

Logotypes, News Graphics, Illustrations
Simple Curves, Straight lines, circles, squares, typefaces

4.1.1 Outline and Lines

can assume any color
can specify line thickness
can specify line style
can specify shape of corners

4.1.2 Fill

can be filled with:
colors
color shifts
patterns
colors expressed numerically
terms of ink coverage required for respective printing inks

4.1.3 Patterns

consists of small group of objects repeated in square config.

4.1.4 Gradients

Color shifts are transitions among several colors at set distances.
Gradients can either be linear or circular.

4.1.5 Knockouts

curve places with closed object – a circle with in a square – can be extracted as a knockout.
extraction leave transparent hole

4.1.6 Superimpositions and Transparency

can be transparent

4.2 Pixel Graphics

divided into tiny squares of color
tiny squares – pixels(picture elements)

Can be created by:
scanner
digital camera
design application

4.3 Color Modes

Color Modes
Simplest = line art – contains only two colors, Black and White
Grayscale – Black and white photo
Duotone images – tinted B/W images
Indexed color images – for the web
RGB – image editing
CMYK – four color printing

every pixel in image requires different amt. of memory depending which color mode img saved in.
memory expressed = bits per pixel; more bits per pixel = greater number of different hues and values of px

4.3.1 Line Art

images only containing black and white pixels
px= 0 or 1
px= one bit of memory
ex: 1 color logotypes
woodcuts
screen fonts(typefaces)
fax texts and images
Adobe PS – Image – Mode – Bitmap

4.3.2 Grayscale Images

px assumes tones ranging from 0% to 100%
tonal range from white=0% to black=100%
256 – 8 bits – 1 byte
depending on allotted memory per pixel
Darkest point value = 0
Lightest point value = 255
Grey = values between
Human vision – 100 gray tones, linear
256 margin for simpler image management

4.3.3 Duotones : Tinted Greyscale Images
2 printing inks, used in stead of one

Doutones:
reproduce fine details in black and white images
images are softer
can tint a color other than black
can black with one other color
Tritone:
grayscale prints with black and white and with 2 spot colors

BIT DEPTH
-varying memory per pixel

1 bit- 21- 2 colors
2 bit -22- 4 colors
3 bits- 23- 8 colors
4 bits- 24- 16 colors
5 bits- 25 – 32 colors
6 bits- 26 – 64 colors
7 bits -27 – 128 colors
8 bits – 28 – 256 colors
10 bits – 210 – 1024 colors
12 bits – 212 – 4096 colors
14 bits – 214 – 16384 colors
16 bits -216 – 65536 colors

Each one designated by a R, B, or G color = 280 million colors
256 colors NOT appropriate for printing.

Line Art – composed of completely black and completely white pixels without midrange tones.
-Better print – requires higher resolution
-Resolution adjusted according to paper;
-Laser printout, newsprint = 600-800 ppi
-Fine uncoated paper = 800-1200ppi
-Fine coated paper – over 1200 pip
Moire – incorrect angles spaced/oriented to output 2 1/2 tone images from a duotone.

Duotone images – save as – an EPS, PDF, PSD
TIFF doesn’t work with duotones.

4.3.4 RGB
used to scan a color image
monitor reproductions
takes up to 3 x’s as much memory as a grayscale image
Every pixel in an RGB is 8 bit configuration, can assume
8bit
28 x 28 x 28 = 256 x 256 x 256 = 16.8 mil different shades
16 bit
216 x 216 x216 = 65536 x 65536 x 65536 = 280 bil

Print adjustment/Separation =
RGB image translated to printing inks of CMYK (4 color)

4.3.5 LAB
based on CIELAB system
color – terms of Lightness (L-Value) along with 2 colors

color value – between 2 colors
Red – Green = a value
Blue – Yellow = b value
Nuance = A and B
- Wider color range the closer to human eye ability.

LAB mode – (PS) – Image – Mode – LAB color

4.3.6 CMYK
printing photographic images
4 color printing
conversion – transition from RGB mode to CMYK mode
4 greyscale images
33 % more memory than RGB mode
Assumes:
256 x 256 x 256 x 256 = 4.3 bil different colors
CMYK Mode -(PS) – Image – Mode – CMYK Color

4.3.7 Index Color Mode
want to use only selected colors in digital image
to keep file size down
or monitors is limited
GIF image created in this mode
256 color
128 colors – 7 bits
64 colors – 6 bits
32 colors – 5 bits
Often done for webpages,NOT for color photos.
4.3.8 RAW Format
some digital cameras store images as RAW format
every pixel – from image sensor
each img composed of one file
each pixel represents only one color, Not RGB
each pixel stored in 10,12,14 bits
1024 to 16384 shades per pixel

4.4 Resolution
2 things determining scanning resolution;
screen frequency you print with
changing size of image of not
1 in = 2.54cm
Screen frequency determined by printing method and paper you use.
Resolution of Image – measured in ppi or ppcm
Higher the Resolution – More pixels per inch = more detailed image
300px by 1in = 300ppi
Resolution low = pixels large
High Resolution = more storage spaces

4.4.1 The Right Resolution for Images

Relationship between the image resolution and the screen frequency of the print is called the sampling factor.
Optimal Sampling factor is 2.
-resolution of image should be 2x’s as high as the screen frequency.
ex.
image will be printed with screen frequency of 150lpi.

lpi=lines per inch

Should be scanned with resolution of 300ppi.

sampling factor varies – with scanning density
ex.
lower scanning density(newspaper) its important to not have a sampling factor that is too low.
-below 2 will produce compromised quality image.

Increasing sampling factor DOES NOT result in better image.

4.4.2 The Right Resolution for Line Art

Line Art images are not screened when output therefore, resolution rules of pixel based images, DO NOT APPLY

-requires high resolution
-600ppi for laser printouts
-100 -1200 pip for sheet-fed printing press, uncoated paper
-1200 – 1800ppi for scanning preprinted black and white

Vocab:

ppi- Pixels per inch
Resoltion of a pixel based digital image.
RULE: Value will be double the scanning density(lip)

dpi- Dots per inch
Exposure points per inch in printer or typesetter.
Value will be at least 10x’s higher than value of lip

lpi- Lines per Inch
number of raster lines (Raster points) per inch in print = Screen Density
High Screen Density (lip) give detail image
Value is limited by paper and printing technology.

4.5 File Format
-pixel based images
differentiated by color mode

Graphic Production = TIFF and EPS

4.5.1 Photoshop Format (PSD)

+/-

+ Uses little memory
+ Can use all editing features
+ Can include fonts
+ Can include ICC profiles
- Cannot be managed by all layout programs
- Pixel based
- Used during editing images
+ save images in files
+ save “alpha files”
+ supports 16 bit files

Vocab:

ICC – International Color Consortium
-a group of software and hardware manufacturers in the graphics industry working to find a common color management standard.
ICC Profile – A standard for describing the color characteristics of scanner, monitors, printers, proofs and prints.
Used by most color management systems
created using a spectrophotometer

4.5.2 Illustrator

+/-

+ Uses little memory
+ Can use all editing features
+ Can include fonts
+ Can include ICC profiles
- Cannot be managed by all layout programs
+ Object based images
+ Can be mounted pixel images
+ used principally as a working format before illustrations are done
+ file using minimum memory with all editing features.
+ after saved as EPS or PDF before mount in layout applications

4.5.3 TIFF format – Tagged Image File Format

+/-

+Color, Contrast, Brightness can be modified in the page layout software
+Can be LZW-compressed directly by Photoshop
+Slightly smaller file size than EPS
-Canot contain clipping paths
-Cannot handle halftone screen information
Open image format for pixel based image
File = file header and information describing images content, image size, and how compression should read the file

-format differs from MAC to WIN
+file format open = with help of layout program can be manipulate the appearance of mounted TIFF image.
+handles Line, Greyscale in RGB and CMYK
+ supports alpha files = saves markings
+ ICC profiles embedded
16 bits per channel supported
Vocab:

LZW – Lossless compression method named after the researchers Lampel, ZIVI and Welch, who developed it. LZW can be used when images are saved in the TIFF format.

4.5.4 EPS – Encapsulated PostScript

+/-

+ Can be extracted with channels
+ Can be stored with information about halftone screens
+ Can be stored with information about transfer curves
+ Safe, because it is encapsulated
+ manages BOTH object graphics and pixel graphics
+ used with Illustrator and Photoshop
+ functions for pixel graphics

Consists of 2 parts:
low resolution preview image
PostScript based image (printing)
+can be high resolution, compressed with JPEG w/o losing any of its EPS functionality
- file format different for MAC and WIN
- Preview function – PICT – MAC
- TIFF – WIN
+ handles line art, grayscale, RGB, CMYK and Object Graphics
+ ICC profiles embedded in image
+ can be divided into five files (DCS)
+Commonly used
+Can be mounted with most layout applications
+Manages duplex mode
- Takes up somewhat more memory than Illustration files
-Cannot be modified in the page layout software
- Does not retain all the editorial features of Illustrations
- File size slightly larger than TIF
- Only newer file versions can include fonts

4.5.5 DCS and DCS2

+/-

Same functionality as EPS, but is divided up into five partial files.

+ Low Resolution part can easily be transferred
Risk of losing partial files

4.5.6 PDF

+/-

+Can be opened by everyone
+Is the same for MAC and Windows
+Files use little memory
+Can include fonts
+ Is managed like ordinary PDF file
+ Can be protected with a password
+ Can include ICC profiles
+ Can be read by everyone
+ Handles most color modes and functions
+ Normal PDF functions can be used
+ Can be compressed with or without loss
- Cannot be managed by older layout programs

4.5.7 JPEG

+/-

+Takes little space
+Degree of compression can be varied
- Compression quality loss

JPEG 2000

+/-

+Takes up little space
+Degree of compression can be varied
+Can do lossless compression
+Can compress parts of the image
+Can save spot color channels
- Compression quality loss
- Cannot be handled by all programs

4.5.8 RAW

Captured by digital cameras
stores camera image without conversion to RGB

- Conversion by camera – doesn’t take motifs into account and is not optimal

RAW format conversion – allows advantage of uniqueness of image and highest quality

=Negative to the prioritizing tones colors handling
-Less memory, but more shades = good to store

based on a file with only one channel
Normally stored with 10,12,14 bit color depth
Constructed differently for each camera
need specific camera filter to concert from RAW

4.5.9 DNG – Digital Negative

Use when image no longer carries camera information or outmoded or conversion from RAW
Standard storage for RAW files: DNG
-without loss
Future conversion ensured

Figure
COMPRESSION between IMAGE FORMATS
Possible Color Mode for Various Image file formats

TIFF – Line Art, grayscale, index, RGB, CMYK
EPS – Line Art, Greyscale, duotone, RGB, CMYK
PDF – Line Art, Greyscale, duotone, index, RGB, LAB, CMYK
JPEG – greyscale, RGB, CMYK
PICT – Line Art, Greyscale, Index, RGB
PSD – Greyscale, duotone, index, RGB, LAB, CMYK

Construction of Image Based of File Format

TIFF – File header and bitmap file
EPS – Encapsulated PostScript information and preview in PICT
DCS – Like EPS, Preview – High Resolution CMYK part is divided up into 5 parts
GIF – Color palette and compressed bit map information
JPEG – Visually reduced and Huffman coded.

4.5.10 PSB
Photoshop format – supports large files
only works on PS version CS

4.5.11 PICT
Picture File

exclusive MAC format
Internally used for icons, system graphics
create low resolution mounting images in EPS and OPI systems
not appropriate for print production
used for line, grayscale, RBG images
can handle object graphics
ICC profile embedded

4.5.12 GIF – Graphic Interchange Format

primarily used for web
compuserve created GIF to make small images to send over the telephone lines
always index mode
can consist of live, grayscale
2-256 different colors
possible colors determined by bits assigned from 1-8 bits per pixels

4.5.13 PNG – Portable Network Graphics

Pixel images for web
successor of GIF and TIFF sometimes
manages all functions
-index, transparencies, interlacing
MAY NOT contain animation
handle alpha files
More effective compression
supports 16 bits per file

4.5.14 MNG

Version of PNG that CAN contain Animations

4.4.15 BMP – Bitmap

standard WIn
monitor graphics, office programs
supports line, grayscale, RGB, index
NOT CMYK
stored at 4 or 8 bits mode
compressed with sequential coding

4.5.16 PCX

Pixel based images
for WIN environment
supports line, grayscale, RGB, index
NOt Alpha file
Stored in 1, 4, 8 or 24 bit mode
compressed sequentially

4.517 Photoshop RAW

transporting digital images between different applications and computer platforms
grayscale, RGB, CMYK/Alph, LAB without Alpha
16 bit per file

4.5.18 WMF and EMF

WMF – Windows Metafile
EMF – Enchanced Metafile
simpler object graphics
WIn
Not or rendering graphics

4.5.19 SVG – Scaleable Vector Graphics
-object based for web
-based on XML
-supports JavaScript and fi;ter effects for dynamic web
NOT for printing

4.5.20 DMG and DXF
DWG – Drawing standard to store CAD files
DXF – to transfer CAD files

4.5.21 SWF – Shockwave Flash
Object based animations and interactive images
created on Macromedia Flash for Web, NOT for Print
4.6 Compression

Transporting images
2 main types:
Lossless
Lossy

Lossless:
reduces size for an image without reducing image quality
uncompressed = exactly same image
sequential
LZW
Huffman
ZIP
CCITT

Lossy:
removes information from image
can remove too much
can not be perceived by the human eye
simplifying image
too much conversion = loss in quality, loss in sharpness, looks as though constructed as monochromatic fields
use only when image manipulation has ben complete.

4.6.1 Run Length Encoding (RLE)

simple
lossless
line art – only black and white pixels
if compressed with sequential coding
code changes from each individual pixel to chunking
Takes up less men

Sequential coding – used in BMP and PCX format
PickBit – Lossless compression – uses RLE for TIFF files in Adobe Illustration ready.

4.6.2 LZW Compression
Named after:
A. Lempel
J. Ziv
T. Welch
Lossless compression
used in graphic production for image
saved in TIFF, PDF, GIF, PostScript
Line, grayscale, RGB, LAB, CMYK
size dimiishes about 1/2 original size
more effective: for LAB mode images
diminishes only 1/4 original size
Large surfaces of same color
Line Art
Diminishes 1/10 original size

4.6.3 Huffman Coding

Mathematical compression
Modified version in fax machine
lossless step in jpeg compression

4.6.4 Zip compression

Loss compression
in PDF format and Images in PDF file
supported by TIFF
work best – large surfaces in same color

4.6.5 CCITT

Comite Consultatif International Telephonique et Telegraphique
originally developed array of methods
lossless
transporting black and white over telephone lines
line art in PDF
supports PostScript

4.6.6 JPEG
Most Common Lossy image Compression
cane set amount of information to remove
control level of image compression
lowest level = least info lost
Adobe PS – reduced 1/10 original size
- not perceived by eye
Over compression – patters of squares appear = JPEG Artifact
Compression mostly noticed visibly in high res images
if edit in jpeg – will compress overtime its saved
supported by JPEG, TIFF, PDF, EPS
should be avoided with TIFF – not all applications support TIFF

4.6.7 JPEG 2000
Lossless or lossy
compares different parts of images differently
lossless- reduces 1/2 original size
yield 20% better compression than JPEG
method: wavelet technique – grainy, unfocused impression
Progressive Transport – image will become more detailed and uncompressed as more and more of it is received.

4.7 Digital Cameras
constructed using same optical technology at film based cameras
film replaced with image sensor
sensor – register reflected light off subjects and reads RGB components

Advantages: Digital vs Film

quickly see image after taken to review quality
easy to adjust exposure
cost 0$ to take several alternative images
no effect on environment
no scanner needed
image available immediately
same image quality as film

Con:
Better digital camera = more money than film camera of same quality
image sensor smaller on digital camera = can’t get same short range depth of focus as on film
greater color retention errors with digital camera
subject needs shorter focal length to give same wide angle as with film
have power dynamic range than film = more difficult reproducing tones in darker areas and creates more noise in tricky situations

Camera pixel amount does not equal quality of image
Variables:
optics
electronic components
gray balance
amount of noise
color correspondence
tonal reproduction in dark areas
sharpness
Need to Test camera before purchase

6 kinds of digital cameras
Web and cell phone
compact
semi-compact
SLR – like
SLR
Studio

4.7.1 Web and Phone
for video conference and still photos
built un
not print quality
Resolution .3 -8 megapixels +-
good enough for web

4.7.2 Compact camera
simplest, cheapest
consumer market
for monitor screens, photocopiers, small print formats
low resolution and low quality
resolution 10-12 megapixels
automatic

4.7.3 Semi-compact and SLR-like
larger than compact
consumer market
nonchangable optics

SLR-like
same functions
same quality
just look like SLRs
longer lens – not changeable
allows more light
Light Tolerant –

Sharper focus than compact
image saves in RAW
external flash
manual setting for some things
resolution 10-14 megapixels
zoom lens

EXIF – Exchangeable Image file Data
-info stored with image of digital camera

4.7.4 SLR camera
Interchangable optics
Mirror reflex viewfinder
Produce RAW format or uncompressed files
Manual settings
Medium size image sensor
Produce little noise
Mechanical shutters
Resolution 18 – 25 megapixels

P. 107 Figure
Image Sensor Technique

CCD – Charge-Coupled Device
APS – Active Pixel Sensors
CMOS – most common toe of APS, Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

Bayer Matrix or Floveon
2 types of contraction techniques for image sensors

P 108
File Size and MegaPixels

4.7.5 Studio Camera

largest
most expensive
highest quality
highest resolution
larger image sensor
better optics
connects directly with computer

p. 109 File Formats for Images and their functions
4.8 Digital Photography
4.8.1 Lens Determines the Angle of View

images – registration of light reflected off a subject
Light is then capture thru the lens
Lens- row of glass or plastic lenses polished and ordered ingenious manner
Len Properties – largest aperture setting
Focal length
Focal Length – cameras angle of view
shorter – means wide angle
longer – means telephoto
Calculate focal length as 35 mm film camera to get angle o view

Wide Angle lens = short focal length – 15-35 mm
Telephoto lens = long focal length – 85mm+

55mm – normal lens = angle of eye

4.8.2 Aperture Controls the Amount of Light and Depth of idled

Aperture – regulate intensity of light that reaches image sensor
circular curtain
Value – f stops
Small hole – higher value, less light, f22
larger hole – lower value, more light, f2.4
Smaller aperture = deeper field of focus
larger aperture = short depth of field = blurry background and foreground of subject

4.8.3 Shutter controls the Exposure
Shutter – regulate exposure time
Exposure – length of time which light is allowed onto image sensor

4.8.4 Image Sensor Registers the Image
Image Sensor – larger number od light sensitive cells
Light becomes analog electronic signals then a digital value

Dynamic Range – able to register differences in tonality in both eery light and very dark areas of the subject

RGB value – one color for each cell = Bayer Matrix
RGB value – all three for each cell = Foveon Sensor

Depth of Field – larger than films ability

4.8.5 Buffer Memory, Image Processor and Memory Card

Buffer memory – images stored at initially, then to the Image Processor then the Memory card(slower)

4.8.6 Saving Image in JPEG TIFF or RAW
JPEG
+ Takes up little space
-Produces low image quality
*compact camera – saves in JPEG only, usually
*point of jpeg to store as many images as possible
TIFF
+Produces High Image Quality
-Takes up a lit space
RAW
+ Produces Highest Quality
+ Allows the possibility for adjustments afterwards
- Takes up relatively lots of space
-Requires conversion to compatible file format

4.8.7 ICC Profiles for Digital Cameras

4.9 Scanners

Transfers original image to the computer – practically obsolete in current industry
Reads original image and converts it to digital

Types:
Flatbed – $100-40,000
Film – $300 – 40,000

Divides surface into checkered pattern
-little squares correspondence to scanner points
Denser bitmap(you choose) – higher resolution the more image infor will be recored = larger image file
Scanning Point = Pixel Element (px)
Scanning Resolution measured by number of pixels per inch
Illuminate each pt with white light
Reflected(opaque)/Transmitted(back lit) light will pick up color.
Then divide into RBG by filters
RGB -CCD – light sensitive charge-coupled devices.
analog electronic impulse —> digital values
P. 113 Figure 4.37 Screen Frequency and Image For

??you change size = resolution and screen frequency are affected??

4.9.1 Flatbed Scanner

Glass plate
size A4 or A3
+- 600ppi – Optical resolution
narrow color range
to
5000ppi
+4 density units color range

4.9.2 Film Scanners

scans transparent slides
1 at a time
film hung freely —> attached to holder
or
bent and held exact distance from rotating scanner
Resolution 3000ppi — 8000ppi

4.9.3 Precision and Sharpness

crucial determining precision factors are:
mechanical
electrical
quality parts

Optical percision ensures image capture is consistent

4.9.4 Tonal Range

Tonal Range- ability of scanner to reproduce original image
-limited by sensitivity of its CCD’s
-DMAX(advanced scanners) – tonal range #4
-#4 = can handle variety of original artwork
quality determined:
Mechanical and Electrical factors
Photo multipliers or CCD cells
Range
number of bits per basic color
Resolution
Image scanning software
4.9.5 Bits Per Color

Most are 8 bits per color (RGB)
Bit Depth of Scanner -
number of bits assigned to each color
10,12 or 14 bits

8 bits – 256 tonal steps
14 bits – 16,384 tonal steps
16 bits – 65,536 tonal steps

Scanning 16 bits for each color = 48 bit scanning (3 x 16 = 48)

Scanning more tones than original image:
captures extra information
can store more info that may be sensitive – shadows
better departure point for image editing

4.9.6 Scanner Resolution

Indicator of quality – Resolution
high quality = +5000ppi
important for enlarging images

Ex. slide (24 x 36 mm) enlarge 10 times
scanned @ 3000ppi to keep acceptable quality
to be printed with screen frequency of 150lpi

Optical Resolution – Actual resolution that scanner give.
ONLY RELIABLE MEASURE of RESOLUTION.
Interpolated Resolution – Mathematical increase of images resolution calculated in scanner based on optical resolution image scanned with.
Not more detail
only higher resolution
not to be used

4.9.7 Noise Level
expresses self as graininess in image
Heat = increases graininess

4.9.8 Speed
not a quality factor
important for:
previewing and scanning high resolution
enjoyable = higher productive images
4.9.9 Image Scanning Software
Good:
should include:
range of settings for scan resolution
+ adjust batch scanning – not with film
+Separation
+print adjustment
+selective color correction with ICC profile
Software – Popular = SilverFast by LaserSoft

p. 117 Question: Density of Different Originals
How to apply info into practical work?

4.9.10 ICC Profiles for Scanners
ensure colors scanned = colors of original
-compensate by doing color correction
Color Correction = filter color values of every image through composition table in form of ICC profile

4.11 Scanning Images

4.10.1 Original Images
Max res of scanner limits how much you can enlarge image

4.10.2 Tonal Range in Original Image
tonal Range = number of tones scanner can capture per original

Slides – higest tonal range

Measured in density units = measurement of max contrast between lightest and darkest areas of image

Slide – tonal range 2.7 -3.0 density units.
Print, Fine coated Paper – tonal range of 2.2 density units
Print, Newsprint – tonal range 0.9 density units
Print, Negative on paper – tonal range of 1.8 density units

Reflective Art, from negative to paper – color range of 2 density units

4.10.3 Quality of Original Image
Grey Balance Important
Original should contain as little color balancing as possible
Ensure this by making sure film type and color temperature are matched appropriate
Larger the original = easier to get good sharpness and richness in details
4.10.4 Take Motif into Account

Control Tonal Compression
Prioritize parts of Image

3 Motifs/Categories:
Snow Image – bright all over, lots of detail in light areas
Midrange Image – Details in midrange areas
Night Image – dark image, details in dark areas

4.10.5 The Gamma Curve
helped adjust tonal compression
allows you to see tonal values of original artwork that are translated into tonal values for print

Gamma Value – states orientation and position of gamma curve

Midrange tone = gamma value of 1.8
= approximates human eye perception
Night Image = scanned with high gamma value so we see details in prints

Snow Image = Scans with less than 1.8

Spectrophotometer -measures color very precise – measures printed sample surfaces or sample colors on a monitor when creates an ICC profile

4.10.6 Enlarging Image when Scanning
Scanning Resolution considerations:
Relative size of original and print = Scaling Factor

3x’s enlargement = scaling factor of 3

must have 3 x’s scanning resolution as you would if the image were printed in the same size as the original

= 300% scaling

Sample Factor – relation between resolution and screen frequency = 2

4.10.7 The Optimal Scanning Resolution
determined by:
x scanner frequency
x sampling factor
x scaling factor

ex. Print with screen frequency of 150lpi @ 1705 of original size

Optimal scanning resolution = 150 x 2 x 1.7 = 510ppi

4.10.8 How Much can the Scanner Enlarge an Image

determined by final desired resolution and maximum scan resolution of scanner.

Maximum scanner resolution – smallest unit of length scanner head is constructed for.

ex. Scanner – max resolution 4800ppi = can scan original @ a max 4800 dpi.
image printed at 150lpi requires resolution of 300ppi if optimal sampling factor of 2 is used.
=max enlargement of image 4800ppi divided 300lpi = 16 times (1600%)

ex. small image negative, enlarge from 24 x 36mm –> 38.4 x 57.6cm(larger than A3)

= normally not enlarged over A3

snapshots – seldom enlarge at all.

Vocab:

Interpolation: technology for recalculating info in a digital image, eg- when changing the resolution or rotation of an image

JPEG – Joint Photographic Experts Group

Moire – p. 381 – definition

Class Notes

Vector vs Rastor

Vector = Object Rastor = Pixel
cartoony Photoshop
solid colors realistic
continually adjusting mathematical program expanding image = pixellates
anchor point can damage image – loses sharpness
Illustrator watch resolution – if u want larger
builds sequentially larger file size
4 anchor points – u decide distance between points more diskspace
bezier curves more RAM
less memory than Photoshop slower processing
sets of instructions longer to transport
Quality will not change will expand bunch of little colored dots
no loss details any photo several 100,000 to no loss in quality several 1mill dots of info
quality= resolution of file
Tries to simulate what is supposed to look like =_____
Less storage, less time sending to printer, less processing dots are squares
needs more dots to increase resolution to enlarge img
Inc Res – adds more info
Fill 72 dpi – dots per inch = size of graphic on internet
Gradient 72 x 72 dots
Knockouts Avg 300ppi – 300pli for print production
1 sq” 900,000 pieces of info per img
Photoshop – open file
72 dpi for web
300dpi for print
Interpolation = samples dots in image then guesses to fill in image to increase resolution.

locked set of information cannot add info without damage to photo
15% inc +-
each photo treated individually
different amount tone, details, hues, colors

2 Basic Code Modes
both Illustrator and Photoshop
1) RGB
prefer web
3 channels in PS
designed light transmission
Light = white
Absence = Black
for screens
internet graphics
not for printing
72 dpi – clean bright detailed

2) CMYK
light bouncing off
reflecting
4 channels
for printing
larger file size

File Formats
Save as depends of shat we use it for
Illustrator file extension = .ai
Photoshop file extension = .psd

4 common file formats for graphics
RGB – web – JPEG(.jpg) or GIF(.gif)
CMYK – printing – TIFF(.tif) or EPS(.eps)

EPS – encapsulated PostScript

Web-
JPEG
Worst format for Image(photo)
damages photo too much
most common camera file when capturing
fits more on memory card
JPEG – compression for photo info to make file
compression – remove info to file smaller
less transfer time over internet
1 mb file = 8 seconds
600k file – quicker
JPEG – Lossy compression program created for intent, not need a lot to see on screen
less quality
use for photo for internet
never use JPEG for print

Screen – 72dpi file is max output for screen
Several levels of compression , how much to remove is chosen
Camera – different levels of compression- high, med, low

Photoshop
compression
12(least amount) to 1(remove the most)
ONCE a JPEG is opened as PSD, never save image to JPEG again.

Internet (avg 5 secs to load page)
mat of images on page = slows loading = makes small img files

GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
flat artwork style
saves 256 colors
picks the most common colors on image – to make pallette
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
you choose pallette according how many colors you think you need

Print -
EPS and TIFF
EPS used at school
self contained = encapsulated
more info stored per print out
more indépendant file
need less assistance from program to print
harder to manage in Indesign program
settings of print doesn’t effect image
;arguer memory stored

TIFF
general file
containing only image info
needs assistance from Indesign by print setting to achieve proper print quality

PNG – compressed file down, being used for web more often
doesn’t remove info
file becomes larger when uncompressing while loading on web page

p. 97 File format
PDF – graphic format – Portable Document Format
to share info between computer system
electronic sharing
for client proofing – Read Only of Editable
generally smaller than design application
can color separate from a PDF
self contained
has more pros than cons
can be opened by everybody
ICC – color profile
mount = used

FIX: Does not refrain all the editorial features of the illustrator application
to it DOES
Different Same file format for MAc and Win
to it IS SAME

Dongle – device attached to putter that gave authorization of software and hardware to use licensed QuarkXpress

Cannot play with Adobe software
not many updates
becoming outdated

Digital Cameras
usually create JPEGs
Level of quality = higher resolution
going to get most of our image from

Resources for images, online stock photo services, pay for licenses.
Copyright protected
yr licenses available

p. 113 Scanners
fallen by the wayside due to amount of digital cameras

2 max resolutions
Optimal res= max optics designed to produce p 117
Interpolated Red = increase res by mathematical means, guessing

Film
Reflective Art
Reflective Properties – photo scanning
Transparent Art – Light sources from above – light through slide/film transparency – scanning

types of scanner
flat bed, drum, film

Follow

Get every new post delivered to your Inbox.

Join 26 other followers